Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Tikrit University - Education College.

2 Tikrit University - Veterinary Medicine College

3 Foundation of Technical Education - Kirkuk Technical College

10.37652/juaps.2012.78251

Abstract

Cryptosporidium is known as a parasite of humans especially children of both those who are immunodeficient and immunocompetent. The effect of prolonged diarrhea and dehydration can be dangerous, especially for young and immunodeficient persons. This study was designed to find out the watery and alcoholic effect of some medicinal plant extracts against the parasite. No significant differences between the watery and alcoholic extracts of the three medicinal plant used (Corindrum sativum, Curcuma longa, Viscum album) were noted. All the plants were dose related, Curcuma longa had the highest effect on Cryptosporidium oocysts shedding in laboratory infected Balb/c mice. With rate of 100% on the 7th day of treatment at 750 mg/kg and on the 5th day at 1000mg/kg in the watery extracts. And a rate of 100% on the 4th day at 1000mg/kg in alcoholic extracts, followed by Viscum album with rate of 48, 54% on the 7th day at 750, 1000mg/kg respectively for watery extract and 73, 76% on the 7th day at 750, 1000mg/kg respectively for alcoholic extract. The Coriondrum sativum had the lowest effect at all concentrations used in both watery and alcoholic extracts. No significant differences were seen with folic acid and potassium chloride adding to the watery and alcoholic plant extracts. Except with the antibiotic (azithromycin) in which its activity was increased to 100% on the 4th day of treatment whereas its effect was only 68% without them

Keywords

Main Subjects

1-    Griffiths JK, Balakrishhan R, Widmer G. and Tzipori S. (1998). Pramomycin and geneticin inhibt intracellular C. parvum without trafficking through the host cell cytoplasm: implications for drug delivery. Infect. Immune. 66: 3874-83.
2-    Flanigan T.P. and Soave R.(1993). cryptosporidiosis. Prog. Clin. Parasitol.1-20.
3-    Goodgame RW. (1996). Understanding intestinal spore-forming protozoa: Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Isospora and Cyclospora. Ann Intern Med, 124:4  429-41.
4-    Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Barchiesi F and othres. (2000). Activity of Nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin against C. parvum in cell culture. J. Anti-microb. Chemotherapy. 45:4 453-456.
5-    Kadappu KK, Nagaraja MV, Rao PV and Shastry BA.(2002). Azithromycin as treatment for Cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Dep. Med. Karhataka India 48(3): 179-181.
6-    Woods KM, Nesterenko M N and Upton SJ. (1996). Efficacy of 101 antimicrobials and other agents on the development of C. parvum in vitro. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 90:6  603-615.
7-    Fujikawa H, Miyakawa H, Ignchi K, Nishizawa M and others.(2002). Intestinal  Cryptosporidiosis as an initial manifestation in previously healthy Japanese patients with AIDS. Gastroenterogy, 37: 840-843.
8-    Rueda, G, Fenoy S, Simon F, and Aguila C.(2008). Bobel-24-Activity against C. parvum in cell culture and in a SCID Mouse Model. Anti- microb. Chemoth. 52:3 1150-1152.
9-    Klein P, Cirioni O, Giacometti A and Scalise G.(2008). In vitro and in vivo activity of aurintricarboxylic acid preparations against C. parvum. J. Anti-microb. Chemoth. 62:5 1101-1104.
10-Henriksen SA and Pohlenz JFL.(1981). Staining of Cryptosporidium by a Modified Ziehl-Nelson technique. Acta. Vet. Scand. 22: 594-96.
11-Arrowood M J.(2002). In vitro cultivation of  Cryptosporidium species. Clin. Microbial. Rev. 15:3  390-400.
12-Prabhakar B, Uma K, Rajendran S and Sarayu LY.(2009).Antimicrobial Activity and phytochemical analysis of Coriander sativum against infectious diarrhea. Ethno botanical leaflets 13: 590-94.
13- Al-alousi TI.(2004). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. In different resources with a trial treatment by using medical plant extracts. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Med. Tikrit. Univ.
14-Certed G, Ngouanesavauh T, Guyot K, Gantois N and others.(2007). Cryptosporidium parvum, a potential cause of colic adeno carcinoma. Infec. Age. and Can. 21.
15-Perrucci S, Fichi G, Buggiani C, Rossi G and Flamini G.(2006). Efficacy of manigiferin against Cryptosporidium parvum in a neonatal mouse model. J.Para.Res.99:2 184-188.
16-Uma B, Prabhakar K, Rajendran S and sarayu YL.(2009). Antimicrobial activity  and phytochemical analysis of Coriander sativum against infectious diarrhea. Ethno botanical leaf tets. 13: 590-94.
17-Shahiduzzaman M, Dyachenko V, Khalafalla RE, Desouky AY and Daugschies A.(2009). Effects of curcumin on  Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. J.Para.Res.105:4 1155-61.
18-Allen PC, Danforth HD, Augustine PC.(1998). Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis. Int. J. parasitol. 28: 1131-1140.
19-Sinch R, Meh TA A, Meh TA P, Shukla K.(2011). Antihelminitic activity of rhizome extracts of Curcuma longa and Zingibar officinale( Zingiberaceae ). Int. j. phar. & phar. Scie. 3: 2  236-237.
20-El-Ansary A, Ahmed SA, Aly S A.(2007).Antischistosomal and liver protective effects of Curcuma longa extract in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Indian J.Experi.Biolo.45: 791-801.
21-Fraqiska M.(2005). Wild and cultivated vegetables, Herbs and spices in Greek Antiquity. Envi. Archaeology 10:1 73-82.
22-Al-Rifay O M S.(2006). Comparison between the diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis by using the Eliza assay and the modified carbol fuchsin stain with the tese to discover the effect of the certain plant extracts on the parasite. M. S. thesis. Tikrit .University. Arabic reference. 
23-Al-Abbasi M LT.(2009). Comparisonof watery and alcoholic  extracts of Artemisia aherba –alba and Viscum album on cutenious leishmaniasis in vitro and in vivo. M. S. thesis. Tikrit University. Arabic reference.
24-Qadir S, Dixit AK and Dixit p.(2010).Use of medicinal plants to control Haemonchus  contortus infection in small ruminants. vet. wo.3:11 515-518.
25-Eguale T, Tilhun G, Debella A, Feleke A and Makannen E.(2007). In vitro and in vivo antihelmintic activity of crude extracts of Coriandrum sativum against Haemanchus contortus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 110:3  428-33.
26-Khanna, N, Arora, D, Halder S and others. (2010). Comparative effect of Ocimum sanctam, Commiphora mukul, Folic acid and ramiprilon lipid peroxidatiion in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia. Indian . J. E. Bio. 48: 299-305.
27-Al-Jarjary SA .(2006).Trials on treatment ofCryptosporidiosis in Balb/c mice. PH. D. thesis Mosul University. Arabic reference
28-Theodos, CM, Griffiths J K, D’onfro J and others.(1998). Efficacy of Nitazoxanide against C. parvum in cell culture and in animal models. Am. Soc. Microbial. 42:8  1959-1965. 
29-Khanna S, Park HA, Sen C and others.(2009). Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory properties of a noves demethylated curcuminoid. Antioxi. & Rewdox singaling. 449-468.
30-Dawakhana H.(2007). Coriandrum: Cure from the kitchen, hashmi.com. httpo//www.has hmi.com/coriander.html.
31-Nawaygerae and others. (2000) . cited by Al-Abasi . (2009) .