Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of Medicinal Plant Production, Khabat Technical Institute,Erbil Polytechnic University ,Erbil, Iraq;

Abstract

Wastewater contains a high amount of toxic metal substances (cadmium, chromium, lead, copper and cobalt) which have a negative effect on the soil and plants.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of untreated sewage seepage into the main sewers of Khabat region and on the chemical and physical properties of the soil. The concentration of some heavy metals cadmium(Cd)- copper(Cu)- lead(Pb) - chromium –(Cr)- cobalt(Co) was also estimated, as well as soil electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), and total hardness (TH). Soil samples were taken on depth ranges from 10-15 cm. Compared to control samples, which were taken 200 mlength from the main stream and were not affected by untreated sewage,Soil samples near the main stream containmuch higherconcentrations of elements cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co).
The concentration of these elements in the soil increased with the increase in the percentage of dissolved salts, which in turn led to an increase in the soil's hardness and overall conductivity. This indicates that the soil near the main stream is contaminated: which fundamentally affects the flora and fauna of the area. The study recommended a solution to the problem of the location of sewage in the Khabat area, not throwing untreated water directly into the ground to prevent pollution and groundwater access, and making efforts to use this water after treatment for various purposes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1] Belaid, N.P., Al-Ahmar, R. A.,&Saleh, H. M. (2019). Estimating the level of lead, cadmium, and iron in soil and ash within some areas of the city of Tripoli, Journal of Applied Sciences, No. 120 - 107, First Special Mustafa.[2] Al-Mansoori, A. M. (2018). Soil Pollution, College of Basic Education, University of Babylon.[3] Regional Center for Environmental Health Activities Amman, Jordan (2003). Reuse of wastewater in agriculture, a guide for planners. World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.[4] Sushil, K. V., Kochar, D. V., &Khokhar, K. (2019). A Review on Influence of Sewage Water on Soil Properties and Microbial Biomass Carbon, Ind. Journal of Pure Applied Biosciences, 7(5), 83-90.[5] Alzoubi, M.M. O.,Jouzdan, A.,Majar, M.N.,Haboub, M., &Hakkoun, H. D. (2014).Treated waste water use in agriculture. General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR In collaboration with ACSAD and ICBA). Damascus, Syria. Pp 2- 63.[6] Ali, H. J., Saif, A.,& Al-Khamisi, A. N. (2011), The Use of Tertiary Treated Wastewater in the Production of Forage Crops under the Conditions of the Sultanate of Oman, The Jordanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 7, Issue pp.                                 [7] Johnson, L.F.,& Curl, E.A. (1972). Methods for Research on the Ecology of Soil- Borne Plant Pathogens. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis.[8] AOAC, (1984). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 14thedn .AOAC, Washington, DC.[9]  Abbawi, S. A., & Suleiman, M. (1990). Practical Engineering of the Environment, Water Tests, Publications of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Mosul, Iraq.[10] Chaturvedi, R. K.,&Sanka, K. (2006). Laboratory Manual for thePhysico-Chemical Analysis of Soil, Water and Plant, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.[11] List of standards for heavy metal concentrations recommended by the World Health Organization (2020).[12Mehdi, S.M., Abbas, G., Sarfrz, M., Abbas, S.T.,& Hassan, G. (2003). Effect of industrial effluents on mineral nutrition of rice and soil health.Pakistan Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(6): 462-473. [13] Mleitan, A., Hanan, A., Khadija A., &Khawla, A. (2019). Study of the effect of wastewater on some soil properties in the Sasso Valley, Academic Research Journal, 174- 82.                [14] Warraq, H.,Abdulaziz, A.,& Salah, M.(2013). The Impact of Wastewater on the Soil in the City of Port Sudan, Red Sea University Journal, Third Issue, June.      [15] Mojiri, A.,& Aziz, H.A. (2011). Effects of municipal waste water on Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) with two irrigation methods. Romanian Agricultural Research. 28: 217-222.[16]  Alghobar, M.A.,&Suresha, S. (2016). Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Growth and Yield of Rice Crop and Uptake and Accumulation of Nutrient and Heavy Metals in Soil.Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, (3): 53-60.[17] Khai, N.M., Tuan, P.T., Vinh, N.C., &Oborn, I. (2008). Effects of using wastewater as nutrient sources on soil chemical properties in peri-urban agricultural systems. V.N.U. Journal of Earth Science, 24, 87-95.[18] Vaseghi, S. M.,Afyuni, H. S., &Mobli,M. (2005). Effect of sewage sludge on some nutrients   concentration and soil chemical propertieS. Journal of Isfahan Water and Wastewater,53:15-19
[19] Bhat, M.A., Agrawal, H.P., Wani, M.A.,&Wani, J.A. (2011). Long-term Effect of Sewage Water Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Crops .Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 59(1): 97-100.
[20] Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th edition. (2014). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.