Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of Biology, College of education for pure science , University of Diyalae

Abstract

The impacts of three levels of biochar (1 , 3 , 5)% on Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae activity was tested , On the other hand the effect of interaction between biochar and AM fungi on some growth parameters of sweet corn plant which growth under greenhouse conditions was studied .the results showed positive effects of biochar on AM fungi activity , The plant which treated with 5 % of biochar give highest increased in the percentage of mycorrhiza colonization and mycorrhizal root weight which were (96.67 % , 122.93 gm) Respectively, while the treatment with 3% of biochar recorded highest increased in spores number that (1980) spores , and there was no significant increased in mycorrhizal dependency . as well as the results showed positive effect of interaction between biochar and AM fungi on growth of sweet corn plant , the treatment of 3% of biochar + AM fungi recorded significant increased in plant height , fresh and dry weight of shoot , leaf area , fresh and dry weight of root which were (80.76 cm , 20.36 gm , 4.136 gm , 150.74 cm2 , 12.603 gm and 1.28 gm ) Respectively , for root length the treatment with 1% of biochar + AM fungi showed highest increased which was (54.93) cm . The result showed a negative effect of increased biochar level on sweet corn plants growth , but AM fungi activity was not affected.

Keywords

Main Subjects

1. Tilman E, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S. (2002).Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices, Nature, 418: 617-677.
2. Schmidt MWI, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I, Lehmann J, Manning DAC, Nannipieri P, Rasse DP, Weiner S, Trumbore SE .(2011).Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature. 478:49-56.
3. Vaccaria A, Maienza F, Miglietta S, Baronti S, Di Lonardo L, Giagnoni A, Lagomarsino FP, Pozzi A, Pusceddu E, Ranieri R, Valboa G, Genesio L . (2015).Biochar Stimulates plant growth but not fruit yield of processing tomato In a fertile soil . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment .207:163-170.
4. Spokas KA, Cantrell KB, Novak JM, Archer DW, Ippolito JA, Collins HP . (2012). Biochar:a synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration. J. Environ. Qual. 41: 973 - 989 .
5. Laird DA. (2008). The charcoal vision:awin-win-win scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy , permanently sequestering carbon , while improving soil and water quality. Agron.J., 100: 178-181.
6. VanZwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J . (2010). Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of paper mill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant Soil, 327: 235-246 .
7. Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D. (2011).Biochar effects on soil biota e a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43: 1812-1836.
8. Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nature Communications, 1-9 .
9. Warnock DD, Lehmann J, Kuyper TW, Rillig MC. Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil concepts and mechanisms. Plant and Soil. 9-20,(2007).
10. Lehman J, Da Silva JP, Steiner JC, Nehls T, Zech W and Glaser B . (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil, 249: 343-357 .
11. Samonin VV, Elikova EE. (2004). A study of the adsorption of bacterial cells on porous materials. Microbiology . 73:810-816 .
12. Herrmann S, Oelmuller R, Buscot F. (2004). Manipulation of the onset of ectomycorrhiza formation by indole-3-acetic acid, activated charcoal or relative humidity in the association between oak micro-cuttings and Piloderma croceum : influence on plant development and photosynthesis. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161:509-51.
13. Akiyama K, Matsuzaki KI, Hayashi H . (2005). Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature. 435:824-827.
14. Lehmann J. (2007). Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment Front Ecol Environ. 5(7): 381-387 .
15. Gerdeman JW and Nicolson TH. (1963). Spores of Mycorhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 46:235-244 .
16. Gaur A and Adholya A. (1994). Estimation of VAM spores in soil a modified method . Mycorrhiza News. (9):10-11.
17.Vierheilig H, Coughlan AP, Wyss U, Piche Y. (1998). Ink and vinegar, a simple staining technique for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 64: 5004-5007.
18. Giovannetti M and Mosse B . (1980). An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84:489-500.
19. Pariunan AK, Robson AD and Abbott L. (1980). The effectiveness of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in increasing growth and phosphorous uptake of subterranean clover from phosphorous sources of different solubilities . New Phytol., 84 : 327-338 .
20. Graham JH and Syvertsen J . (1985). Host determinants of mycorrhizal dependency of citrus rootstock seedlings. New Phytol.,101:667-676.
21. Solaiman ZM, Blackwell P, Abbott LK, Storer P .(2010). Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonisation, growth, and nutrition of wheat. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 48: 546-554.
22. Blackwell P, Joseph S, Munroe P, Anawar HM, Storer P, Gilkes RJ and Solaiman ZM .(2015). Inuences of Biochar and Biochar-Mineral Complex on Mycorrhizal Colonisation and Nutrition of Wheat and Sorghum. Pedosphere , 25(5): 686 – 695.
23. Abdulrahman DK, Othman RB, Saud HM and Abu Bakr RB . (2017). Effects of biochar and Stenophomonas maltophilia (SB16) on soil properties and growth of sweet corn .J. Agric.Res ,55(3):485-499.
24. Tian X, Li C, Zhang M, Wan Y, Xie Z, Chen B, Li W . (2018). Biochar derived from corn straw affected availability and distribution of soil Nutrients and cotton yield. Plos One . 11: 1-19.